Causes: Long-term exposure to harmful irritants like cigarette smoke (most common), air pollution, chemical fumes, and dust
Risk Factors: Smoking, exposure to secondhand smoke, genetic factors, and frequent respiratory infections during childhood

Spirometry: Measures lung function to confirm airflow obstructionPhysical exam and medical history
Chest X-ray or CT scan: Identifies lung damage or other conditionsSpirometry or pulmonary function tests
Blood tests: Checks oxygen levels and other markers

Medications: bronchodilators to relax airway muscles, inhaled steroids to reduce inflammation, oxygen therapy for severe casesTreatment: Depends on the cause (e.g., inhalers for asthma, oxygen therapy for COPD, or lifestyle changes)
Lifestyle: quitting smoking is critical, regular exercise and pulmonary rehabilitation programs

- Avoid smoking and exposure to irritants
- Follow your prescribed treatment plan
- Stay active with breathing exercises and light activities
- Get vaccinated against flu and pneumonia to prevent complications